The findings appeared in the European Journal of Clinical Investigation. The Stanford University researchers compared the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden and South Korea to the spread in eight countries that did implement more restrictive mandatory lockdowns: Britain, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and the United States. They found that nonpharmaceutical interventions were effective in nine out of 10 countries, but there was "no clear, significant beneficial effect of [more restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions] on case growth in any country."